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Complete Endnotes from The V Book

[ Chapters 1-4 ] [ Chapters 5-7 ] [ Chapters 8-10 ] [ Chapters 11-13 ]
[ Chapters 14-15 ] [ Chapters 16-17 ] [ Chapters 18-19 ] [ Chapters 20-22 ]

Key To Journal Abbreviations

If you're interested in doing further research, the following is a list of medical journals I have cited in this text along with their abbreviations for easy reference. Some of these journals can be accessed for free online at the websites I've provided below (others require a paid subscription).

Chapter 16: V Bumps and Color Changes

  1. E. G. Friedrich Jr., Vulvar Disease (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1983).
  2. S. C. J. Van der Putte, Anogenital “sweat” glands: histology and pathology of a gland that may mimic mammary glands, Am J Dermatopathol 1991:13:557.
  3. J. D. Oriel, Infective conditions of the vulva, in The Vulva, C. M. Ridley, S. M. Neill, eds. (Oxford: Blackwell Scientific, 1999).
  4. C. M. Ridley, S. M. Neill, Non-infective cutaneous conditions of the vulva, in The Vulva, C. M. Ridley, S. M. Neill, eds. (Oxford: Blackwell Scientific, 1999).

Chapter 17: “It Hurts”

  1. D. C. Foster, Treating vulvodynia, NVA News 1995 spring:1(2):1–9.
  2. T. G. Thomas, ed., Practical Treatise on the Diseases of Woman (Philadelphia: Henry C. Lea’s Son, 1880), 145–47; A. J. C. Skene, Treatise on the Diseases of Women (New York: Appleton and Company, 1889).
  3. Burning vulva syndrome: report of the ISSVD task force, J Reprod Med 1984:29:457.
  4. K .D. Jones, S. T. Lehr, Vulvodynia: diagnostic techniques and treatment modalities, Nurse Pract 1994:34–46.
  5. J. Paavonen, Vulvodynia—a complex syndrome of vulvar pain, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1994:74:243–47; A. W. Young, H. M. M. Tovell, O. Lermand, G. Rodke, The changing incidence of vulvar disease in clinical practice, Cutaneous Vulvar Service St Luke’s/Roosevelt Hospital 1991:1:1.
  6. M. F. Goetsch, Vulvar vestibulitis: prevalence and historic features in a general gynecologic practice population, Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991:164:1609–16.
  7. J. T. Cox, Deconstructing vulval pain, Lancet 1995:345:53.
  8. L. V. Westrom, R. Willen, Vestibular nerve fiber proliferation in vulvar vestibulitis syndrome, Obstet Gynecol 1998:91:572–76; N. Bohm-Starke, M. Hilliges, C. Falconer, E. Rylander, Increased intraepithelial innervation in women with vulvar vestibulitis syndrome, Gynecol Obstet Invest 1998:46(4):256.
  9. D. C. Foster, J. D. Hasday, Elevated tissue levels of interleukin-1b and tumor necrosis factor-a in vulvar vestibulitis, Obstet Gynecol 1997:89:291–96.
  10. T. F. Warner, S. Tomic, C. K. Chang, Neuroendocrine cell–axonal complexes in the minor vestibular gland, J Reprod Med 1996:41:397–402.
  11. J. Jeremias, W. J. Ledger, S. S. Witkin, Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphism in women with vulvar vestibulitis, Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000:182:283.
  12. S. C. Marinoff, M. L. Turner, R. P. Hirsch, R. Guylaine, Intralesional alpha interferon: cost-effective therapy for vulvar vestibulitis syndrome, J Reprod Med 1993:38:19–24.
  13. D. Clauw, Disorders associated with vulvodynia, NVA News 1996:11(1):1–4.
  14. M. McKay, Subsets of vulvodynia, J Reprod Med 1988:33:695–98; S. Bazin, C. Bouchard, J. Brisson, et al., Vulvar vestibulitis syndrome: an exploratory case-control study, Obstet Gynecol 1994:83:47–50.
  15. W. Chaim, C. Meriwether, B. Gonik, et al., Vulvar vestibulitis subjects undergoing surgical intervention: a descriptive analysis and histopathological correlates, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1996:68:165–68.
  16. P. Nyirjesy, J. D. Sobel, et al., Cromolyn cream for recalcitrant idiopathic vulvar vestibulitis: results of a placebo controlled study, Sex Trans Infec 2001:7(1):53.
  17. G. Chiang, P. Patra, et al., Pentosanpolysulfate inhibits mast cell histamine secretion and intracellular calcium ion levels: an alternative explanation of its beneficial effect in interstitial cystitis, J Urol 2000:164(6):2119.
  18. M. L. Turner, S. C. Marinoff, Association of the human papillomavirus with vulvodynia and the vulvar vestibulitis syndrome, J Reprod Med 1988:33:533–37; S. A. Umpierre, R. K. Kaufman, E. Adam, et al., Human papillomavirus DNA in tissue biopsy specimens of vulvar vestibulitis patients treated with interferon, Obstet Gynecol 1991:78:693; J. Bornstein, S. Shapiro, M. Rahat, et al., Polymerase chain reaction search for viral etiology of vulvar vestibulitis syndrome, Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996:175:139; E. J. Wilkinson, E. Guerrero, R. Daniel, et al., Vulvar vestibulitis is rarely associated with human papillomavirus infection types 6, 11, or 18, Int J Gynecol Pathol 1993:12:344–49; J. M. De Deus, J. Focchi, J. N. Stavale, G. R. DeLima, Histologic and biomolecular aspects of papillomatosis of the vulvar vestibule in relation to human papillomavirus, Obstet Gynecol 1995:86:758–63; C. Bergeron, M. Moyal-Barracco, M. Pelisse, et al., Vulvar vestibulitis: lack of evidence for a human papillomavirus etiology, J Reprod Med 1994:39:936–38; S. Bazin, C. Bouchard, J. Brisson, C. Morin, et al., Vulvar vestibulitis syndrome: an exploratory case-control study, Obstet Gynecol 1994:83:47; M. F. Goetsch, Vulvar vestibulitis: prevalence and historic features in a general gynecologic practice population, Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991:164:1609–16; C. Morin, C. Bouchard, J. Brisson, M. Fortier, et al., Human papillomaviruses and vulvar vestibulitis, Obstet Gynecol 2000:95:683.
  19. H. H. Balfour, Acyclovir therapy for herpes zoster: advantages and adverse effects (editorial), JAMA 1986:255:387.
  20. J. Bornstein, S. Shapiro, M. Rahat, et al., Polymerase chain reaction search for viral etiology of vulvar vestibulitis syndrome, Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996:175:139–44.
  21. B. M. Peckham, D. G. Maki, J. J. Patterson et al., Focal vulvitis: a characteristic syndrome and cause of dyspareunia, Am J Obstet Gynecol 1986:154:855–64; M. S. Mann, R. H. Kaufman, D. Brown, et al., Vulvar vestibulitis: significant clinical variables and treatment outcome, Obstet Gynecol 1992:79:122–25.
  22. M. Baggish, J. R. Miklos, Vulvar pain syndrome: a review, Obstet Gynecol Survey 1995:50 (8):618–27.
  23. S. C. Marinoff, M. L. C. Turner, Vulvar vestibulitis syndrome: an overview, Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991:165:1228–31.
  24. R. Reid, M. D. Greenberg, Y. Daoud, et al., Colposcopic findings in women with vulvar pain syndromes, J Reprod Med 1988:33:525; Goetsch, Vulvar vestibulitis; L. R. Shover, D. D. Youngs, R. Cannata, Psychosexual aspects of the management of vulvar vestibulitis, Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992:167:630–36.
  25. H. I. Maibach, C. T. Mathias, Vulvar dermatitis and fissures: irritant dermatitis from methyl benzethonium chloride, Contact Derm 1985:5:340–45.
  26. S. Bazin et al., Vulvar vestibulitis syndrome: an exploratory case-control study, Obstet Gynecol 1994:83(1):47–50.
  27. J. Willems, New direction in medical management of vulvar vestibulitis, Vulvar Pain Newsletter 1994 fall:5–7; K. L. Noller, Diagnosis and treatment of chronic vulvar pain syndrome, Women’s Health Reports 1995 Jul 24:1(8):65–72.
  28. Noller, Diagnosis and treatment of chronic vulvar pain syndrome.
  29. C. C. Solomon, M. H. Melmed, S. M. Heitler, Calcium citrate for vulvar vestibulitis, J Reprod Med 1991:36:879–82.
  30. M. S. Baggish, E. H. Sze, R. Johnson, Urinary oxalate excretion and its role in vulvar pain syndrome, Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997:177:507–11.
  31. W. Ledger, Observations on patients with vulvar vestibulitis, NVA News 2000:VI(1):1.
  32. J. Bornstein, D. Zarfati, Z. Goldik, et al., Vulvar vestibulitis: physical or psychosexual problem? Obstet Gynecol 1999:93:876.
  33. D. E. Stewart, A. E. Reicher, A. H. Gerulath, et al., Vulvodynia and psychological distress, Obstet Gynecol 1994:84:587–90.
  34. E. G. Friedrich Jr., Vulvar vestibulitis syndrome, J Reprod Med 1987:32:110; Schover et al., Psychosexual aspects of the management of vulvar vestibulitis; L. Edwards, M. Mason, M. Phillip, et al., Childhood sexual and physical abuse: incidence in patients with vulvodynia, J Reprod Med 1997:42(3):135–39.
  35. L. M. Klein, R. M. Lavker, W. L. Matis, et al., Degranulation of human mast cells induces an endothelial antigen central to leukocyte adhesion, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989:86:8922–26.
  36. M. McKay, Vulvodynia diagnostic patterns, Derm Clin 1992:10(2):423–32.
  37. R. E. Pyka, E. J. Wilkinson, E. G. Friedrich Jr., B. P. Croker, The histopathology of vulvar vestibulitis syndrome, Int J Gynecol Pathol 1988:7:249–57.
  38. Baggish, Miklos, Vulvar pain syndrome: a review.
  39. R. D. France, The future for antidepressants: treatment of pain, Psychopathology 1987:20(suppl 1):99–113.
  40. Ibid.
  41. M. McKay, Dysesthetic (“essential”) vulvodynia, J Reprod Med 1993:38(1):9–13.
  42. S. C. Marinoff, Vulvodynia: a perplexing disorder, NVA News 1995:1(1):1–9; H. Emsellem, Chronic pain: a neurologist’s perspective, NVA News 1995:1(3):1–8.
  43. A. Eisen, Venlafaxine therapy for vulvodynia, Pain Clinic 1995:8:365–67.
  44. B. Ben-David, M. Friedman, Gabapentin therapy for vulvodynia, Anesth Anal 1999:89:1459.
  45. Ben-David, Gabapentin therapy for vulvodynia..
  46. H. I. Glazer, G. Rodke, C. Swencionis, et al., Treatment of vulvar vestibulitis syndrome with electromyographic biofeedback of pelvic floor musculature, J Reprod Med 1995:40:283–90.
  47. D. Hartmann, Managing vulvar pain with physical therapy, NVA News 1996:11(11):1–7.
  48. Mann et al., Vulvar vestibulitis; H. L. Kent, P. M. Wisniewski, Interferon for vulvar vestibulitis, J Reprod Med 1990:35:1138–40; Umpierre et al., Human papillomavirus DNA in tissue biopsy specimens; S. C. Marinoff, M. L. Turner, R. P. Hirsch et al., Intralesional alpha-interferon: cost-effective therapy for vulvar vestibulitis syndrome, J Reprod Med 1993:38:19–24; J. Bornstein, B. Pascal, H. Abramovici, Intramuscular interferon treatment for severe vulvar vestibulitis, J Reprod Med 1993:38:117–20.
  49. Mann et al., Vulvar vestibulitis.
  50. S. M. Hurtado, L. D. Treene, S. C. Marinoff, Effectiveness of interferon therapy for the treatment of vulvar vestibulitis, International Society for the Study of Vulvovaginal Disease, XVth World Congress, September 26–30, 1999; S. K. Tyring, Interferon therapy of genital human papillomavirus infection, Clin Pract Gynecol 1989:2:233–44.
  51. Emsellem, Chronic pain.
  52. Marinoff, Vulvodynia: a perplexing disorder.
  53. Ibid.
  54. J. D. Woodruf, T. H. Parmley, Infection of the minor vestibular glands, Obstet Gynecol 1983:62:609–12.
  55. Bornstein et al., Vulvar vestibulitis: physical or psychosexual problem?
  56. J. Bornstein, Z. Goldik, Z. Alter, et al., Persistent vulvar vestibulitis: the continuing challenge, Obstet Gynecol Survey 1997:53(1):39–44.
  57. J. Bornstein, R. H. Kaufman, Perineoplasty for vulvar vestibulitis, Harefuah 1989:116:90–92.
  58. Baggish, Miklos, Vulvar pain syndrome: a review.
  59. J. J. Yount, The vulvar pain newsletter, 1995:5:1–8.
  60. J. Bornstein, H. Abramovici, Combination of subtotal perineoplasty and interferon for the treatment of vulvar vestibulitis, Gynecol Obstet Invest 1997:44:53–56.
  61. J. Bornstein, D. Zarfati, Z. Goldik, et al., Treatment of intractable vulvar vestibulitis, Isr J Obstet Gynecol 1994:5:149–52.
  62. M. McKay, Vulvodynia: a multifactorial problem, Arch Dermatol 1989:125:256–62.
  63. T. G. Bohl, Vulvodynia and its differential diagnoses, Semin Cutan Med Surg 1998 Sept:17(3):189.
  64. M. L. C. Turner, S. C. Marinoff, Pudendal neuralgia, Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991:165:1233–36.
  65. Ibid.
  66. J. Bonica, Pudendal neuralgia, in J. Bonica, ed., The Management of Pain, 2nd ed. (Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1990), 190.
  67. A. M. Verdeja, T. E. Elkins, A. Odol, et al., Transvaginal sacrospinous colpopexy: anatomic landmarks to be aware of to minimize complications, Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995:173(5):1468–69.
  68. E. G. Friedrich Jr., Vulvar Disease (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1983).
  69. W. Hunter et al., Abdominal pain from strain of intrapelvic muscles (letter), Clin Orthop 1970:279–80; P. M. King, Musculoskeletal origins of chronic pelvic pain, Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 1993 (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders), 719–41; P. M. King et al., Musculoskeletal factors in chronic pelvic pain, J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 1991:12:87–98; J. C. Slocumb, Neurological factors in chronic pelvic pain: trigger points in the abdominal pelvic pain syndrome, Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984:149:536–43; J. G. Travell, D. G. Simons, Myofascial Pain and Dysfunction: The Trigger Point Manual (Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1983).
  70. F. C. Greiss Jr., Equestrian dyspareunia, Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984:150:168.
  71. R. B. Layzer, M. A. Connant, Neuralgia in recurrent herpes simplex, Arch Neurol 1974:31:233–37; E. J. Howard, Postherpetic neuralgia, JAMA 1985:253:2196.
  72. F. Tognetti, M. Poppi, G. Gaist, et al., Pudendal neuralgia due to solitary neurofibroma, J Neurosurg 1982:56:732–33; Turner, Marinoff, Pudendal neuralgia.
  73. F. M. Lewis, C. I. Harrington, Use of magnetic resonance imaging in vulvodynia, J Reprod Med 1997:42:169.
  74. R. K. Portenoy, Opioid and adjuvant analgesics (syllabus for diagnosis and treatment of neuropathic pain), sponsored by Beth Israel Medical Center, Department of Pain Medicine, September 23, 2000.
  75. B. A. Meyerson, Electrostimulation procedures: effects, presumed rationale, and possible mechanisms, in Advances in Pain Research and Therapy, vol. 5, J. J. Bonica et al., eds. (New York: Raven, 1983), 495–534.
  76. D. C. Foster, C. Robinson, K. M. Davis, Urethral pressure variation in women with vulvar vestibulitis syndrome, Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993:169:107–12.
  77. W. M. McCormack, Two urogenital sinus syndromes: interstitial cystitis and focal vulvitis, J Reprod Med 1990:35:873–75; C. C. Fitzpatrick, J. O. L. DeLancey, T. E. Elkins, et al., Vulvar vestibulitis and interstitial cystitis: a disorder of urogenital sinus-derived epithelium? Obstet Gynecol 1993:81:860–62.
  78. J. Gunter, M. Clark, J. Weigel, Is there an association between vulvodynia and interstitial cystitis? paper presented to the annual meeting of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, San Francisco, May 2000.



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